Be yourself; Everyone else is already taken.
— Oscar Wilde.
This is the first post on my new blog. I’m just getting this new blog going, so stay tuned for more. Subscribe below to get notified when I post new updates.
Introduce Yourself (Example Post)
This is an example post, originally published as part of Blogging University. Enroll in one of our ten programs, and start your blog right.
You’re going to publish a post today. Don’t worry about how your blog looks. Don’t worry if you haven’t given it a name yet, or you’re feeling overwhelmed. Just click the “New Post” button, and tell us why you’re here.
Why do this?
- Because it gives new readers context. What are you about? Why should they read your blog?
- Because it will help you focus you own ideas about your blog and what you’d like to do with it.
The post can be short or long, a personal intro to your life or a bloggy mission statement, a manifesto for the future or a simple outline of your the types of things you hope to publish.
To help you get started, here are a few questions:
- Why are you blogging publicly, rather than keeping a personal journal?
- What topics do you think you’ll write about?
- Who would you love to connect with via your blog?
- If you blog successfully throughout the next year, what would you hope to have accomplished?
You’re not locked into any of this; one of the wonderful things about blogs is how they constantly evolve as we learn, grow, and interact with one another — but it’s good to know where and why you started, and articulating your goals may just give you a few other post ideas.
Can’t think how to get started? Just write the first thing that pops into your head. Anne Lamott, author of a book on writing we love, says that you need to give yourself permission to write a “crappy first draft”. Anne makes a great point — just start writing, and worry about editing it later.
When you’re ready to publish, give your post three to five tags that describe your blog’s focus — writing, photography, fiction, parenting, food, cars, movies, sports, whatever. These tags will help others who care about your topics find you in the Reader. Make sure one of the tags is “zerotohero,” so other new bloggers can find you, too.
Elon Musk says thatTesla has received over 250,000 pre-orders for its Cybertruck
Tesla CEO Elon Musk suggested late Tuesday that his company had now received 250,000 pre-orders for the Cybertruck, its “Blade Runner”-inspired electric pickup.
The billionaire tweeted “250k,” indicating — based on his previous Twitter posts — that this was the number of “orders” the firm had collected from prospective customers to date.
Just a few days ago, Musk was boasting Tesla had received 200,000 orders for the truck. The company first unveiled the new product at a promotional event in Los Angeles last week.
However, what Musk meant by orders and what most people would think he means are two different things. Tesla is only taking pre-orders for the Cybertruck at the moment, which cost $100 a pop to apply for. According to the company, these pre-orders aren’t actually considered as deposits for the vehicle, which comes with a starting price of $39,900.
The Tesla chief has gotten into hot water over his use of Twitter in the past. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) fined both Musk and his electric vehicle firm $20 million each last year over Musk’s now infamous tweet claiming he was considering taking Tesla private for $420 a share: “Funding secured.”
The case was reignited earlier this year after he again made a tweet in relation to his business. After claiming Tesla would “make around 500k” cars in 2019 — only to later clarify he meant an “annualized product rate” of around 500,000 vehicles — the SEC resurrected the legal dispute. Musk reached a deal with the SEC earlier this year to settle the spat.
Another controversial tweet posted by the tech entrepreneur was about a British diver involved in the effort to rescue a Thai boys soccer team trapped in a cave last year. Musk referred to the spelunker, Vernon Unsworth, as a “pedo guy,” and is now facing a defamation lawsuit over the incident.
Botched debut
Tesla’s unveil event for its first pickup truck was marred by the vehicle’s windows breaking when an executive tossed a metal ball at them. The car’s trapezoid shape was also mocked in various memes. Still, others have praised the Cybertruck for bringing something new to the table in automotive design.
Meanwhile, Musk also teased Ford with the new vehicle, sharing a video of the truck dragging a screeching Ford F-150 up a hill in a tug-of-war battle. Ford X Vice President Sundeep Madra subsequently responded calling for an “apples to apples” tug-of-war test of the two cars, to which Musk replied: “Bring it on.”
But the contest is unlikely to happen. A Ford spokesperson subsequently said that Madra’s tweet was only “tongue-in-cheek” and “nothing more.”
Tesla’s all-electric Cybertruck comes in three versions: a single-motor variant that should give drivers 250 miles of range, a dual-motor model with 300 miles of range and a tri-motor edition with 500 miles of range. The models are priced at between $39,900 on the low end and $69,900 at the top of the range.
Live it love it, Tesla Cybertruck Is the best pickup truck ever
The so-called Cybertruck is an angular, stainless steel, all-electric pickup truck that quickly became polarizing.
The launch didn’t go very smoothly. The truck’s windows shattered when its lead designer smashed them with a metal ball, causing Tesla founder Elon Musk to curse under his breath. Some love its futuristic look. Others hate it. Even Lego made fun of it.
Regardless, pre-orders for the Cybertruck approached 250,000 within a week. Such an explosion of interest with no advertising, and an arguably disastrous grand opening event, is probably unprecedented.
On a global scale, it’s clear that electric vehicles — known colloquially as EVs —have reached a new level of public acceptance. As of 2018, more than five million EVs were sold around the world. Canadians have been somewhat slower at adopting this technology, with all-electric vehicles representing 1.2 per cent of sales in 2018, or approximately 46,000 units. That said, Canadian sales of EVs grew 165 per cent year-over-year in 2018.
With the Cybertruck, Tesla has integrated several of its technologies into one offering. The truck features the same stainless steel alloy being used at Musk’s other company, SpaceX. And it has lithium ion batteries, software and hardware for self-driving and a solar roof option to help boost the Cybertruck’s range.
The efficiency of most gasoline engines is between 17 and 21 per cent. For EVs, the conversion of electrical energy into power to drive the wheels is 59 to 62 per cent. This gives EVs a clear performance advantage. The cost of operating EVs — including fuel and maintenance — ranges between 65 per cent to 77 per cent less across Canada than it costs to drive and maintain gasoline-fuelled vehicles.
Due to its weight and size, Tesla’s Cybertruck is likely to be somewhat less efficient than the electric passenger cars currently available. However, when compared to other non-electric trucks, the inherent efficiency advantage of electric motors and the aerodynamics of the Cybertruck are substantially better.
Electric vehicles growing more popular
EVs are rapidly becoming a core part of our transportation future. They offer the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions.
Even in oil-friendly Alberta, where the grid is powered mostly by fossil fuels, the case is being made that EVs offer both environmental and economic advantages. They’re an important tool for reducing air pollution, for example, which costs the Canadian economy billions of dollars every year.
The Union of Concerned Scientists issued a report in November 2015 that concluded:
“Based on where EVs are being sold in the United States today, the average EV produces global warming emissions equal to a gasoline vehicle with a 68 mpg (miles per gallon) fuel economy rating.”
That’s about 3.4 litres per 100 kilometres in Canada. And in several northwestern states in the U.S., that equivalency is 94 mpg, or about 2.5 litres per 100 kilometres. This means that even the best gasoline- or diesel-powered vehicles would have to double or triple their fuel efficiency to come close to EVs.
In the same report, a life cycle analysis that included both the operation as well as the manufacturing of vehicles shows that a full-size EV has approximately half the environmental footprint of a full-size, gasoline-fuelled car.
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is also being developed around the world. V2G allows EVs to use chargers bidirectionally to turn them into mobile storage solutions — meaning EVs could help balance electricity supply and demand by making the vehicle’s battery system part of the overall grid infrastructure. Vehicles could be used to store energy during periods of over-supply and provide top-ups to the grid during peak demand hours.
With its massive battery pack, Tesla’s Cybertruck is particularly suited for V2G use. The vehicle will also come with a 120 volt/240 volt AC power outlet that may be able to power homes during blackouts or brownouts. This is something currently done with other EVs using what are known as aftermarket inverter kits. Nissan has been working on similar technology in Japan with its Leaf vehicle.
Indeed, the Cybertruck will face serious competition from other manufacturers in the lucrative and growing pick-up truck market. Rivian and Bollinger already have electric trucks ready for pre-sale or sale, and Ford is releasing an all-electric version of the popular F-150.
Advantage Tesla
Tesla has two main advantages that will likely make the Cybertruck a winner.
First, Tesla has an advanced and extensive charging network that allows the owners of its products to quickly refuel. There are currently more than 14,000 superchargers worldwide.
Second, Tesla has invested heavily in battery technology and manufacturing. Its gigafactories are expanding and using more renewable energy, including solar power, to reduce the ecological footprint of batteries. As a result, Tesla is able to scale up production and will probably be able to keep the cost of its vehicles lower than competitors.
Tesla’s Cybertruck and the growing number of offerings by other manufacturers of EVs likely represent the beginning of a larger transition away from internal combustion engines.
BNP Paribas Asset Management, a global investment firm managing 436 billion euros in assets, concludes the following in a report on EVs:
“The economics of oil for gasoline and diesel vehicles … are now in relentless and irreversible decline.”
To remain competitive with EVs, the investment firm calculates that the break-even point for gasoline is no more than $10 dollars a barrel, and for diesel, $17 to $19 a barrel.
The environmental advantages of electrifying transportation are significant and undeniable. EVs are also a pleasure to drive — they’re quiet, clean, fast, inexpensive to operate and perform well in all weather conditions.
What’s your take on this let’s see tour comments below
Stay updated with jaaf blog
The Tesla Cybertruck Has Arrived: Full Coverage of the funny Electric Pickup!
Tesla changed the automotive landscape with the launch of its Model S—so much so that we named it our Ultimate Car of the Year. Now, Elon Musk and friends have their sights aimed square at the American pickup-truck market with the all-new electric Cybertruck. If you have any doubt about the significance of the new Cybertruck, consider Ford’s F-series trucks are a $41 billion industry and Amazon recently invested $700 million in EV truck company Rivian. Between Rivian, planned electric trucks from GM and Ford, and the boxy Bollinger B2, Tesla’s Cybertruck won’t lack for competition in the EV pickup market. For insider info, expert analysis, and in-depth coverage of every detail of Tesla’s new pickup, keep it right here with Jaaf blog
Tesla reopens Amazon store again after weird launch [Updated]
Tesla is launching a new Amazon store to sell its merchandise outside of its own store, which hasn’t been Tesla’s most liked retail effort by the community.
The new Amazon store comes with a few new pieces of Tesla gear, including iPhone cases, but it also has interesting implications for other Tesla products.
Update: Tesla quickly shut down the store after we posted this article. Feb 6: Tesla has relaunched its Amazon store.
Over the years, Tesla has used its ‘Tesla Shop’ website to sell merchandise and accessories.
It has some mixed reviews from owners, but now the automaker is testing something different: going through Amazon.
The company built a whole new Amazon store to sell its merchandise.
Electrek has learned that it is launching today with the first few items available on the new storefront powered by the internet retail giant:
For now, we are only talking about apparel and accessories, including a few new exclusive items for the store, like new iPhone cases:
Tesla is also selling some diecast Model S vehicles, new hoodies, and a few other accessories (stealth matte black mug – nod to MKBHD) on the new store.
All of these items are sold through Amazon Prime with the internet retailer taking care of fulfillment.
Tesla could eventually move more items to the store and have Amazon take over the fulfillment of other, arguably more important, products.
Some products on Tesla’s Shop require installation at Tesla service centers and obviously, those items wouldn’t be ideal for the Amazon store, but Tesla also has plenty of other vehicle accessories.
Amazon has become a hub for electric vehicle charging stations. The online retailer has hundreds of charging stations for sale – many of them available through Prime.
They have even partnered with Audi to not only sell home charging stations, but also match buyers with electricians to do the installation.
Separately, Tesla has been working with Amazon to deploy more energy storage at distribution centers.
Update: After we reveealed the new store, several other media outlets reported on it and Tesla shut it down. The company didn’t want to comment on why it shut it down.On February 6, Tesla relaunched the Amazon store with the products being available again.
Electrek’s Take
I think this is an interesting effort. It’s fun right now for merch, but I think it has bigger implications for the future of Tesla’s retail effort.
Amazon is becoming so big that it is kind of worrying from a monopoly standpoint, but we have to admit that they have nailed the online retail experience.
It makes sense for Tesla to have them take care of fulfillment to reduce lead times for some of the accessories.
Right now, it might not sound that important, but Amazon has been making moves in the automotive space. They now sell tires, wipers and many other accessories.
With Amazon garage, customers can now list their cars on the website and they know exactly what products will work with their vehicles.
It’s probably smart for Tesla to start working on an Amazon presence right now.
Subscribe to Electrek on YouTube for exclusive videos and subscribe to the podcast.
Tesla Super cars
10 IPHONE Xs Max GIVEAWAY June 2019 = IPHONE XR GIVEAWAYS FREE
Samsung galaxy note 10 leak has a rival
41,935 views|
Android Circuit: New Galaxy Note 10 Leak, Samsung’s Mighty S10 Has A Rival, Latest OnePlus 7 Details
Taking a look back at seven days of news and headlines across the world of Android, this week’s Android Circuit includes Samsung’s rival to its Galaxy S10, four new Galaxy Note 10 models leak, a third OnePlus 7, some thoughts on multi-lens cameras, more details on the Pixel 4 and 4XL, and finding all the curated classic music you need.
Android Circuit is here to remind you of a few of the many things that have happened around Android in the last week (and you can find the weekly tech. news digest here).
The base Galaxy Note 10 model is expected to support a larger 6.75 inch display, but there will also be a ‘budget’ model (that echoes the Galaxy S10e model) which will retain the Note 9 format with a 6.25 inch screen. Both of these will ship with 4G LTE connectivity.
Given the enterprise focus of the Note, and the benefits of 5G, Samsung is expected to launch a 5G version of the Note 10. But the latest news suggests that the two Note 10 models (the Note 10 and presumptively named Note 10e) will both be available in 4G LTE and 5G variants The base Galaxy Note 10 model is expected to support a larger 6.75 inch display, but there will also be a ‘budget’ model (that echoes the Galaxy S10e model) which will retain the Note 9 format with a 6.25 inch screen. Both of these will ship with 4G LTE connectivity.
Samsung has decided that if you want the best tech it has to offer then you’ll need to buy a smartphone with a display just 0.25-inches smaller than its Galaxy Tab 7 tablet. It’s a woeful backwards step, at exactly the wrong time.
Voting in nigeria
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Voting is a method for a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, to make a collective decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high office by voting. Residents of a place represented by an elected official are called “constituents”, and those constituents who cast a ballot for their chosen candidate are called “voters”. There are different systems for collecting votes.
In a democracy, a government is chosen by voting in an election: a way for an electorate to elect, i.e. choose, among several candidates for rule. In a representative democracy voting is the method by which the electorate appoints its representatives in its government. In a direct democracy, voting is the method by which the electorate directly make decisions, turn bills into laws, etc.
A vote is a formal expression of an individual’s choice for or against some motion (for example, a proposed resolution); for or against some ballot question; or for a certain candidate, selection of candidates, or political party. Many countries use a secret ballot, a practice to prevent voters from being intimidated and to protect their political privacy.
Voting often takes place at a polling station; it is voluntary in some countries, compulsory in others, such as Australia.
Different voting systems use different types of votes. Plurality voting does not require the winner to achieve a vote majority, or more than fifty percent of the total votes cast. In a voting system that uses a single vote per race, when more than two candidates run, the winner may commonly have less than fifty percent of the vote.
A side effect of a single vote per race is vote splitting, which tends to elect candidates that do not support centrism, and tends to produce a two-party system. An alternative to a single-vote system is approval voting.
To understand why a single vote per race tends to favor less centric candidates, consider a simple lab experiment where students in a class vote for their favorite marble. If five marbles are assigned names and are placed “up for election”, and if three of them are green, one is red, and one is blue, then a green marble will rarely win the election. The reason is that the three green marbles will split the votes of those who prefer green. In fact, in this analogy, the only way that a green marble is likely to win is if more than sixty percent of the voters prefer green. If the same percentage of people prefer green as those who prefer red and blue, that is to say if 33 percent of the voters prefer green, 33 percent prefer blue, and 33 percent prefer red, then each green marble will only get eleven percent of the vote, while the red and blue marbles will each get 33 percent, putting the green marbles at a serious disadvantage. If the experiment is repeated with other colors, the color that is in the majority will still rarely win. In other words, from a purely mathematical perspective, a single-vote system tends to favor a winner that is different from the majority. If the experiment is repeated using approval voting, where voters are encouraged to vote for as many candidates as they approve of, then the winner is much more likely to be any one of the five marbles, because people who prefer green will be able to vote for every one of the green marbles.
A development on the ‘single vote’ system is to have two-round elections, or repeat first-past-the-post. This system is most common around the world. In most cases, the winner must receive a majority, which is more than half.[2] and if no candidate obtains a majority at the first round, then the two candidates with the largest plurality are selected for the second round. Variants exist on these two points: the requirement for being elected at the first round is sometimes less than 50%, and the rules for participation in the runoff may vary.
An alternative to the Two-round voting system is the single round instant-runoff voting system (Also referred to as Alternative vote or Preferential voting) as used in some elections in Australia, Ireland and the USA. Voters rank each candidate in order of preference (1,2,3 etc.). Votes are distributed to each candidate according to the preferences allocated. If no single candidate has 50% or more votes than the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded and their votes redistributed according to the voters nominated order of preference. The process repeating itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes. The system is designed to produce the same result as an exhaustive ballot but using only a single round of voting.
In a voting system that uses a multiple vote, the voter can vote for any subset of the alternatives. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. Approval voting uses such multiple votes.
In a voting system that uses a ranked vote, the voter has to rank the alternatives in order of preference. For example, they might vote for Bob in first place, then Emily, then Alice, then Daniel, and finally Charlie. Ranked voting systems, such as those famously used in Australia, use a ranked vote.
In a voting system that uses a scored vote (or range vote), the voter gives each alternative a number between one and ten (the upper and lower bounds may vary). See cardinal voting systems.
Some “multiple-winner” systems may have a single vote or one vote per elector per available position. In such a case the elector could vote for Bob and Charlie on a ballot with two votes. These types of systems can use ranked or unranked voting, and are often used for at-large positions such as on some city councils.
Referendums
Most of the time, when the citizens of a country are invited to vote, it is for an election. However, people can also vote in referendums and initiatives. Since the end of the eighteenth century, more than five hundred national referendums (including initiatives) were organised in the world; among them, more than three hundred were held in Switzerland.[3] Australia ranked second with dozens of referendums.
Fair voting
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Results may lead at best to confusion, at worst to violence and even civil war, in the case of political rivals. Many alternatives may fall in the latitude of indifference—they are neither accepted nor rejected. Avoiding the choice that the most people strongly reject may sometimes be at least as important as choosing the one that they most favor.
There are social choice theory definitions of seemingly reasonable criteria that are a measure of the fairness of certain aspects of voting, including non-dictatorship, unrestricted domain, non-imposition, Pareto efficiency, and independence of irrelevant alternatives but Arrow’s impossibility theorem states that no voting system can meet all these standards.
Negative voting
Main article: Disapproval voting
Negative voting allows a vote that expresses disapproval of a candidate. For explanatory purposes, consider a hypothetical voting system that uses negative voting. In this system, one vote is allowed, with the choice of either for a candidate, or against a candidate. Each positive vote adds one to a candidate’s overall total, while a negative vote subtracts one, arriving at a net favorability. The candidate with the highest net favorability is the winner. Note that not only is a negative total possible, but also, a candidate may even be elected with 0 votes if enough negative votes are cast against their opponents.
Under this implementation, negative voting is no different from a positive voting system, when only two candidates are on the ballot. However, in the case of three or more candidates, each negative vote for a candidate counts positively towards all of the other candidates.
Consider the following example:
Three candidates are running for the same seat. Two hypothetical election results are given, contrasting positive and negative voting. Both polling accuracy and voter turnout are assumed to be 100 percent.
Current standing in the polls
Candidate Party Polling
A Liberal 40%
B Centrist 30%
C Conservative 30%
Election results after positive voting
Candidates A voters B voters C voters Net total
A +40 +15 0 +55
B 0 0 0 0
C 0 +15 +30 +45
Election results after negative voting
Candidates A voters B voters C voters Net total
A +40 -15 -30 -5
B 0 0 0 0
C 0 -15 0 -15
Election results with positive voting:
A-voters, with the clear advantage of 40%, logically vote for Candidate A. B-voters, unconfident of their candidate’s chances, split their votes exactly in half, giving both Candidates A and C 15% each. C-voters, also logically vote for their candidate. A is the winner with 55%, C at 45% and B 0%.
Election results with negative voting:
A-voters again, with the clear advantage of 40%, logically vote for Candidate A. B-voters again, split exactly in half. Each B-voter decides to vote negatively against their least favorite candidate, with the reasoning that this negative vote allows them to express approval for the two other candidates. C-voters also decide to vote negatively against Candidate A, reasoning along similar lines. Candidate B is the winner with 0 votes. Enough negative votes were cast against Candidate B’s opponents, resulting in negative totals. Candidate A, despite having polled at 40%, winds up with -5%, offset due to the aggregate 45% of negative votes cast by B and C voters. Candidate C ends up with -15%.
Proxy voting
Main article: Proxy voting
Proxy voting is the type of voting where a registered citizen who is able to vote passes on his or her vote to a different voter or electorate legitimately.
Anti-voting
Main article: Abstention
In South Africa, there is a strong presence of anti-voting campaigns by poor citizens. They make the structural argument that no political party truly represents them. For instance, this resulted in the “No Land! No House! No Vote!” Campaign which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections.[4][5] The campaign is prominent among three of South Africa’s largest social movements: the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, Abahlali baseMjondolo, and the Landless Peoples Movement.
Other social movements in other parts of the world also have similar campaigns or non-voting preferences. These include the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and various anarchist-oriented movements.
It is possible to make a blank vote, carrying out the act of voting, which may be compulsory, without selecting any candidate or option, often as an act of protest. In some jurisdictions, there is an official none of the above option and it is counted as a valid vote. Usually, blank and null votes are counted (together or separately) but are not considered valid.
Voting and information
Modern political science has questioned whether average citizens have sufficient political information to cast meaningful votes. A series of studies coming out of the University of Michigan in the 1950s and 1960s argued that voters lack a basic understanding of current issues, the liberal–conservative ideological dimension, and the relative ideological dilemma.[6]
Studies from other institutions have suggested that the physical appearance of candidates is a criterion upon which voters base their decision.[7][8]
Religious views
Christadelphians, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Old Order Amish, Rastafarians, the Assemblies of Yahweh, and some other religious groups, have a policy of not participating in politics through voting.[9][10] Rabbis from all Jewish denominations encourage voting; some even consider it a religious obligation.[11]
Meetings and gatherings
Whenever several people who do not all agree need to make some decision, voting is a very common way of reaching a decision peacefully. The right to vote is usually restricted to certain people. Members of a society or club, or shareholders of a company, but not outsiders, may elect its officers, or adopt or change its rules, in a similar way to the election of people to official positions. A panel of judges, either formal judicial authorities or, say, judges of a competition, may make decisions by voting. A group of friends or members of a family may decide which film to see by voting. The method of voting can range from formal submission of written votes, through show of hands, voice voting or audience response systems, to informally noting which outcome seems to be preferred by more people.
Voting basis
See also: Majority, Supermajority, and Unanimity
According to Robert’s Rules of Order, a widely used guide to parliamentary procedure, the bases for determining the voting result consist of two elements: (1) the percentage of votes that are required for a proposal to be adopted or for a candidate to be elected (e.g. more than half, two-thirds, three-quarters, etc.); and (2) the set of members to which the proportion applies (e.g. the members present and voting, the members present, the entire membership of the organization, the entire electorate, etc.).[12] An example is a majority vote of the members present and voting.
The voting result could also be determined using a plurality, or the most votes among the choices.[13]
In addition, a decision could be made without a formal vote by using unanimous consent.[14]
Part of the Politics series
Electoral systems
Plurality/majoritarian[show]
Proportional representation[show]
Mixed systems[show]
Other systems & related theory[show]
A coloured voting box.svg Politics portal
vte
This article is about the physical means of casting ballots. It is not to be confused with details of voting theory, for which see Electoral system.
A voting method is the way in which people cast their votes in an election or referendum. There are several different methods in use around the world.
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Main article: Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Deliberative assemblies—bodies that use parliamentary procedure to arrive at decisions—use several methods of voting on motions (formal proposal by a member or members of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting. The assembly could decide on the voting method by adopting a motion on it. Different legislatures may have their own voting methods.
Voting methods
“Voting method” redirects here. It is not to be confused with Electoral system.
Paper-based methods
The most common voting method uses paper ballots on which voters mark their preferences. This may involve marking their support for a candidate or party listed on the ballot, or a write-in, where they write out the name of their preferred candidate if it is not listed.
Ballot letters in Israel
An alternative paper-based system known as ballot letters is used in Israel, where polling booths contain a tray with ballots for each party contesting the elections; the ballots are marked with the letter(s) assigned to that party. Voters are given an envelope into which they put the ballot of the party they wish to vote for, before placing the envelope in the ballot box.
Machine voting
Main articles: Voting machine and Electronic voting
Machine voting uses voting machines, which may be manual (e.g. lever machines) or electronic. In Brazil, voters type in the number of the candidate they wish to vote for and then confirm their vote when the candidate’s photo is displayed on screen.[15]
Online voting
In some countries people are allowed to vote online. Estonia was one of the first countries to use online voting: it was first used in the 2005 local elections.[16]
Postal voting
Many countries allow postal voting, where voters are sent a ballot and return it by post.
Open ballot
In contrast to a secret ballot, an open ballot takes place in public and is commonly done by a show of hands. An example is the Landsgemeinde system in Switzerland, which is still in use in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Grisons, and Schwyz.
Other methods
In Gambia voting is carried out using marbles, a method introduced in 1965 to deal with illiteracy.[17] Polling stations contain metal drums painted in party colours and emblems with candidates’ photos attached to them.[18][17] Voters are given a marble to place in the drum of their chosen candidate; when dropped into the drum, a bell sounds to register the vote. To avoid confusion, bicycles are banned near polling booths on election day.[17] If the marble is left on top of the drum rather than placed in it, the vote is deemed invalid.[19]
A similar system used in social clubs sees voters given a white ball to indicate support and a black ball to indicate opposition. This led to the coining of the term blackballing.
In person
See also: Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Some votes are carried in person if all the people eligible to vote are present. This could be by a show of hands or keypad polling.
See also
Cosmopolitan democracy
Democratic mundialization
Dollar voting
Electoral fraud
Electoral system
Gerrymandering
Mandate (politics)
Ranked voting systems
Opinion poll
Presidential election
Proportional representation
Psephology
Redistricting
Referendum
Suffrage
Voter turnout
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Voting system
Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin
Vote Splitting
